Study finds judges are increasingly citing Wikipedia in legal decisions

It’s not just students and internet debaters who lean on Wikipedia in a pinch. MIT CSAIL researchers have conducted a study revealing that Wikipedia can influence the legal decisions of judges when there are articles covering relevant cases. The existence of a Wiki page for a case increased its citations by over 20 percent, the scientists said. The boost was pronounced when a case supported a judge’s argument, and the language of the articles sometimes manifested in the decisions.

The team conducted the study by having law students write over 150 articles on Irish Supreme Court decisions. Half of the pieces were randomly chosen to be uploaded where judges, lawyers and clerks could use them, while the rest were kept offline to help understand what would happen in the absence of a Wikipedia article. The randomized nature showed a true causal link between articles and citations, according to lead researcher Neil Thompson.

CSAIL also noted that the Irish legal system was an ideal testing ground. Higher courts’ decisions bind lower courts, as they do in the UK and US, but there aren’t nearly as many articles on Irish Supreme Court decisions as there are for its US counterpart. The researchers increased the number of relevant articles “tenfold” just by writing examples for the study.

As to why people might turn to Wikipedia? It might come down to a simple matter of time. The spike in citations mainly came from lower courts (the High Court) rather than the Supreme Court itself or the Court of Appeal. To CSAIL, that suggested judges and clerks were using Wikipedia to cope with busy court dockets — it was easier to find precedent-setting cases through a quick online search.

The findings are potentially problematic. While the cases themselves might be sound, Wikipedia isn’t always accurate. There’s a risk that a judge might issue a ruling based on a flawed article, or that malicious actors could manipulate entries to skew a trial’s outcome. Study co-author Brian Flanagan argued that the legal community should verify that any online analysis, whether it’s from Wikipedia or elsewhere, is both comprehensive and comes from expert sources.

Google’s second-gen Nest Hub is on sale for $55 right now

If you’ve been eyeballing a 2nd-generation Google Nest Hub but can’t stomach the regular $100 price tag, there’s good news. It’s now on sale for just $55 or 45 percent off at B&H Photo Video, matching one of the lowest prices we’ve seen to date. B&H also has other Nest devices on sale including the Google Nest Audio ($60 or $40 off), Nest Hub Max ($169 or $60 off) and Nest Mini at just $30, for a savings of $20. 

Buy Google Nest Hub at B&H Photo Video – $55

The Nest Hub earned a score of 89 in our review for good reason. It has a minimalist design, a bright 7-inch display, clearer and louder audio than its predecessor and faster performance as well. It’s just the right size to fit into any room and can act as a second screen for your video doorbell or even track your sleep from your bedside table. While it may not be as accurate as a slumber-focused wearable, the Nest Hub will show you sleep duration, quality, schedules and snoring data (if that’s something you’re after).

If it’s just a smart speaker you’re after and don’t need a screen, you may want the Google Nest Audio instead, on sale for $60 or 40 percent off. It has an unassuming yet attractive design, plus great audio quality that’s made even better if you pair two of them together and use them in stereo mode. It also functions as a Google Assistant device, giving you the forecast, control of smart home gadgets, music capabilities and more. 

Next up is the Nest Hub Max, available for $169 or $60 off. It’s the biggest of Google’s smart displays with the best sound quality, thanks to a 10-inch display large enough to comfortably watch YouTube or Netflix videos, or even take a Zoom call. Inside are stereo speakers that help the Hub Max sound better than any other Nest smart display, making it a good option if you want an all-in-one device to stream videos, listen to music and control devices like smart lights, cameras, thermostats and more.

And finally if budget is an issue, the Nest Mini is on sale for just $30, for a savings of $20. It offers the same functionality as Google Nest Audio, but without the same sound quality, of course. Still, it gives you a smart speaker with Google Assistant powers on the cheap for a spare or a kids room. 

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AMD’s Noise Suppression tool is its answer to NVIDIA Broadcast

In a piece examining what the NVIDIA Broadcast can do, we praised its noise removal capability for being “impressively adept” at stripping away everything but your voice. Now, AMD has launched a similar tool for computers powered by its chips, and it could vastly improve your gaming and live streaming experience or lead to cleaner recordings. AMD’s Noise Suppression tool can reduce background chatter and sounds in real time through the use of a deep learning algorithm. 

The feature works for both input and output devices, which means it can not only suppress noise captured on your mic, but also noise coming from someone else’s. It can help you stay focused if you’re in a meeting or attending online classes, for instance, because it can block the sounds of somebody’s barking dog or crying baby in the background.

That said, Noise Suppression is only available for computers with Ryzen 5000 series and newer processors, as well as for systems with Radeon RX 6000 series and newer graphics cards. If you know your computer has the components needed to access the feature, make sure to upgrade to the latest version of AMD Software before heading to the Settings page. 

Under Audio Settings in the Audio & Video tab, you’ll see a toggle to enable the feature. You can also choose to switch it on for either your input or your output device or for both of them at the same time. The next time you fire up a game or a communications app, such as Microsoft Teams or Slack, you can take advantage of the benefits of the noise suppression tool, so long as you select the “AMD Streaming Device” option as your input and/or output device.

Amazon’s one-day Instant Pot sale takes up to 52 percent off pressure cookers and air fryers

If you’re one of the few people in the US who’ve yet to get an Instant Pot — or if you want another model to add to the one(s) you already have — this is your chance to grab one at a discount. Amazon is holding a one-day sale for the brand’s products, including the 5.7-quart Instant Pot Vortex Air Fryer, which is currently listed on the website for 52 percent off. At $67, that’s the lowest price we’ve seen on Amazon for the air fryer-oven combo that has an original retail price of $140. Another one of our favorite air fryers, the 6-quart Vortex Plus, is 38 percent off and down to $99.

Shop Instant Pot deals at Amazon

While Instant Pot Vortex is an air fryer, it also has one-touch controls for baking, roasting and reheating. You can also create customized programs for specific types of food, so you can cook wings, potatoes or even cinnamon buns with a single touch.

Instant Pot’s 8-quart 9-in-1 Duo Plus model is also on sale, if you what you need is the brand’s classic pressure cooker. It has dropped back to an all-time low of $80, or $70 less than its retail price. The Duo Plus has nine functions in one device and could act as a rice cooker, slow cooker, yogurt maker, steamer, sauté pan, food warmer, sous vide and sterilizer, in addition to being a pressure cooker. It has 15 customizable programs to make cooking ribs, cake, soup, among other types of food a lot easier, as well. 

But if you’re looking to get an air fryer and a pressure cooker on a limited budget, you can get the Instant Pot Duo Crisp instead. It has nine functionalities that include air frying and pressure cooking — plus, it lets you easily switch between lids especially designed for each function. The Duo Crisp is currently on sale for $100, which $50 off its retail price. You’ll find a few more models to choose from on the deals homepage. Some of them aren’t selling for their all-time low prices at the moment, but Instant Pots are always a great pick-up on a deal.

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Uber doesn’t need to offer wheelchair-accessible vehicles in all cites, judge rules

A federal court has ruled that Uber does not need to provide wheelchair-accessible service in every US market, ABC News has reported. The company’s decision to provide such a service only in certain cities was not in violation of federal law and would be overly burdensome, said Chief Judge Richard Seeborg of the federal San Francisco Court. 

Two users of motorized wheelchairs in New Orleans and Jackson, Mississippi sued Uber over the lack of accessible services in those cities. Since Uber couldn’t accommodate non-foldable wheelchairs, they claimed that it was in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) that prohibits businesses from discriminating against people based on their disabilities. They further argued that Uber has a “deep-rooted accessibility problem,” treating it as an “afterthought.” The trial for the case lasted nearly five years. 

Uber said in its defense that it would be too expensive to offer wheelchair service in every city if it needed to contract with providers of wheelchair-accessible vehicles. Judge Seeborg agreed, saying that the plaintiffs gave “scant evidence” that Uber could do so cost-effectively and that wait times would still be “significant” if it did. “The anticipated cost here is too high for the limited service that would result, making the proposed modification unreasonable,” he said. 

The judge did reject Uber’s argument that it didn’t need to provide wheelchair-accessible services everywhere because it has done so in some cities, noting that the ADA looks at each modification for reasonableness.

Uber does accommodate wheelchair users in other cities like New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Boston. New Orleans considered mandating the service, but Uber lobbied against those efforts, according to the court records. “We welcome the outcome and are proud of our efforts to improve accessibility for all users, including through Uber WAV,” said an Uber spokesperson in a statement.

Noting that the decision arrived on the eve of the anniversary of the ADA’s passage into law, lead plaintiff Scott Crawford decried the ruling. “Uber made no sincere attempt to provide accessible service, but instead claimed it was too burdensome,” he said. “This could have been economically resolved years ago.’